Microencapsulated electrophoretic electrostatically addressed media for drawing device applications

ABSTRACT

A display includes an encapsulated display media, a rear electrode, and a movable electrode. The encapsulated display media comprises a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid. The display media has a first surface and a second surface. The rear electrode is disposed adjacent the second surface of the display media. The movable electrode and the rear electrode apply an electric field across the display media.

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This invention claims priority to provisional application U.S. Ser. No. 60/085,096 filed on May 12, 1998.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention is related to a display device, and more specifically to a drawing device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] An erasable drawing device is known. An erasable drawing device, typically, consists of a blackboard, paper pad, or white board, and an erasable marking device such as a chalk, pencil or dry-erasable marker.

[0004] One drawback of such drawing device is that the marking device can dissipate, requiring replacement. Another drawback is that the marking device can make marks on surfaces other than the screen of the drawing device, thereby creating a mess. Still another drawback is that the screen may not erase completely even with cleansers and vigorous erasing.

[0005] An electronic drawing device overcomes some the problems described above. An electronic drawing device, typically, includes a touch screen and appropriate logic to cause an underlying electronic display to update its image in response to the motion of a stylus. The device, for example, includes a graphics input pad having an array of transparent capacitive pixels, which change their capacitance in response to a conductive tipped stylus passing over the pad. The change in capacitance is sensed and used to address an LCD matrix. A drawback of this electronic drawing device is that it requires sophisticated electronics and significant amount of power. U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,720 describes an electronic drawing device.

[0006] A magnetophoretic display, typically used as children's drawing toy, is another example of an erasable drawing device. In a magnetophoretic display, a stylus used to write on the display contains a magnet, and a contrast media on the display contains black ferrous material and white titanium dioxide. The magnetophoretic display requires no power. However, the magnetophoretic display does not typically permit the user to selectively erase portions of a drawing on the display, unless the user is able to access both the front and back of the magnetophoretic media. Typically, manufacturers of magnetophoretic displays simply provide access to only one surface. The display is erased using a sliding bar magnet embedded behind the magnetophoretic media. Therefore, the display cannot be selectively erased.

[0007] An electrostatically-addressed liquid crystal display is another type of drawing device known in the art. Liquid crystal drawing devices, however, suffer from poor image duration due to dissipation of the surface static charge which maintains the image. With higher voltages and additional resistive layers, it is possible to extend image duration, but even then, a duration exceeding 30 minutes is considered state of the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,351,143 and 5,117,297, describe liquid crystal drawing devices.

[0008] An electrophoretic display is also used as a drawing device. In an electrophoretic drawing device, electrophoretic particles in a display media of the device migrate toward or away from the drawing surface of the device upon application of an electric field across the display media. For example, the drawing device can contain a back electrode covered by an electrophoretic coating. To write, a positive voltage is applied to the back electrode and a stylus contacting the electrophoretic coating is set at ground. The stylus acts as a top electrode in a local area. A voltage potential is created between the stylus and the back electrode which causes migration of the electrophoretic particles and a color change of the device. The overall system may be covered with a dielectric or anisotropic top layer that protects the electrophoretic media. Chiang et al. “A Stylus Writable Electrophoretic Display Device,” Society for Information Display 1979 Digest describes an electrophoretic drawing device. Although electrophoretic displays offer excellent contrast and brightness as well as favorable electrical properties and image duration, electrophoretic displays have not been broadly commercialized due to difficulty in manufacture and lifetime issues related to particle agglomeration and migration within the display.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] In one aspect, the invention features a display. In one embodiment, the display comprises an encapsulated display media having a first surface and a second surface, a rear electrode disposed adjacent the second surface of the display media, and a movable rear electrode disposed adjacent the second surface of the display media, and a movable electrode. The display media comprises a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid. The movable electrode, in conjunction with the rear electrode, applies an electric field across the display media.

[0010] In one detailed embodiment, the movable electrode comprises a writing device. The writing device can comprise a charge generator. The charge generator can comprise an electronic circuit capable of increasing a voltage from about 20 V to about 1000 V. The charge generator can further comprise an electronic circuit, which reduces an applied voltage to zero after a predetermined time interval. The writing device can comprise a charge storage device. The writing device can comprise a stylus. For example, the stylus can comprise an electrode tip disposed within a curved end of the stylus. The stylus can further comprise a plurality of concentric electrodes. The writing device can include an activator, such as a piezoelectric device, which activates the charge generator. The writing device can have a first end and a second end. The display media displays a first color when the first end is disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media and a second color when the second end is disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media.

[0011] In another detailed embodiment, the movable electrode comprises an eraser. In still another detailed embodiment, the movable electrode comprises a user touching the first surface of the display media. In still another detailed embodiment, the movable electrode comprises a sliding bar, which slides across the first surface of the display media. The sliding bar can include a charge generator, an activator which activates the charge generator, an electrostatic print head, and/or a scanner. The charge generator can be a Van de Graaff device, a triboelectric mechanism, or a hand-driven electric generator. The sliding bar can communicate with a data storage device. Alternatively, the sliding bar can comprise a data storage device.

[0012] In still another detailed embodiment, the movable electrode comprises a switch, which reverses an electric field applied to the display media upon activation of the switch. For example, a color displayed on the first surface of the display media can change upon activation of the switch.

[0013] In one embodiment, the rear electrode comprises a first region having a voltage different from a voltage of the movable electrode and a second region having a voltage matching the voltage of the movable electrode. In another embodiment, the rear electrode comprises a conductive pattern. In still another embodiment, the display media comprises a plurality of electrophoretic particles comprising a plurality of colors, and the rear electrode comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes, each pixel electrode being set at a voltage for displaying particles of a selected color on the first surface of the display media. Alternatively, the rear electrode can be movable.

[0014] In another detailed embodiment, the display further comprises a touchscreen disposed adjacent the first surface or the second surface of the display media. The touchscreen can be laminated to the display media.

[0015] In another embodiment, the display comprises a display media forming a continuous loop, and an electrode disposed inside the continuous loop of the display media. In one detailed embodiment, the display further comprises a case containing the display media and the electrode. The case has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface comprises a protective layer and serves as a writing surface. In another detailed embodiment, the display further comprises a movable electrode. The removable electrode, in conjunction with the electrode, applies an electric field across the display media.

[0016] In still another embodiment, the display comprises a display media having a first surface and a second surface, an electrode disposed on the first surface of the display media, and a photoconductor disposed on the second surface of the display media. The display media displays a replica of an image shown on a substrate when the photoconductor is provided adjacent the substrate. In one detailed embodiment, the substrate comprises an emissive display such as a computer screen or a television screen. In another detailed embodiment, the substrate comprises a reflective display. The reflective display can be a piece of paper. In another detailed embodiment, the display further comprises a light source for illuminating the substrate.

[0017] In another aspect, the invention features a method for creating an image on a display. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a display comprising an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid, the display media having a first surface and a second surface and a rear electrode disposed on the second surface of the display media; (b) placing a movable electrode adjacent the first surface of the display media; and (c) applying an electric field across the display media through the movable electrode and the rear electrode, thereby creating an image on the first surface of the display media.

[0018] In another aspect, the invention features a method for reproducing an image. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a display comprising: a1) a display media comprising a first surface and a second surface, a2) an electrode disposed on the first surface of the display media, and a3) a photoconductor disposed on the second surface of the display media; and (b) placing the photoconductor adjacent a substrate comprising an image, thereby reproducing the image from the substrate on the display media.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the invention itself, will be more fully understood from the following description of preferred embodiments, when read together with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0020]FIG. 1a shows a cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0021]FIG. 1b shows a partial cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0022]FIG. 1c is a chart providing two series of triboelectric elements.

[0023]FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0024]FIG. 3a shows a cross-sectional view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0025]FIG. 3b shows a bottom view of the stylus of FIG. 3a.

[0026]FIG. 4a shows a schematic view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0027]FIG. 4b shows a cross-sectional view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0028]FIG. 4c shows a cross-sectional view of a stylus for addressing display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0029]FIG. 4d shows a cross-sectional view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0030]FIG. 4e shows a schematic view of a stylus for addressing a display according to one embodiment of the invention

[0031]FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0032]FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0033]FIG. 7a shows a perspective view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0034]FIG. 7b shows a perspective view of a display system according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0035]FIG. 8a shows a perspective view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0036]FIG. 8b shows a simplified circuit diagram of the display of FIG. 8a.

[0037]FIG. 9a shows a perspective view of a display used with a writing implement according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0038]FIG. 9b shows a perspective view of a display comprising a drawing made with the writing implement of FIG. 9a according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0039]FIG. 9c shows a plan view of a writing implement according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0040]FIG. 9d shows a cross-sectional view of a drawing implement and a stylus according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0041]FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0042]FIG. 11 shows a perspective view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0043]FIG. 12a shows a plan view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0044]FIG. 12b shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0045]FIG. 13 shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0046]FIG. 14a shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display according one embodiment of the invention.

[0047]FIG. 14b illustrates the rear electrodes of the display of FIG. 14a.

[0048]FIG. 14c shows a cross-sectional view of a portion of a display according one embodiment of the invention.

[0049]FIG. 15a shows a cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

[0050]FIG. 15b shows a perspective view of a display according one embodiment of the invention.

[0051]FIGS. 16a-16 f show various methods of addressing a display with an electrode.

[0052]FIG. 17 shows a cross-sectional view of a display according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] Referring to FIG. 1a, a display 10 includes a casing 12, a rear electrode 14 disposed inside the casing 12, an encapsulated display media 16 disposed adjacent the rear electrode 14, a protective layer 18 disposed adjacent the display media 16, and a movable electrode 20. The display 10 can be used as a drawing system. The protective layer 18 serves as a drawing surface. The movable electrode 20 comprises a charge conducting mechanism. In one embodiment, the movable electrode 20 is a writing device. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the writing device 20 comprises a stylus. Alternatively, the display 10 of the present invention can be addressed mechanically by means of a robotic arm or charge-carrying print head that is moved relative to the drawing surface. For example, an electrostatic printer can be used to draw on the drawing surface. When the movable electrode 20 contacts the drawing surface 18, the movable electrode 20 and the rear electrode 14 apply an electric field across the display media 16, and thereby display an image on the drawing surface 18 of the system 10.

[0054] In one embodiment, the casing 12 is made from a plastic container capable of holding the display media 16, the rear electrode 14, and any necessary electronics. Alternatively, the casing 12 can be made of any other material. The casing 12 may be of any size, ranging from small for toy applications and large for applications in presentation displays. The casing 12 can also include compartments for storing the drawing instrument 20 and other accessories such as an eraser.

[0055] In one embodiment, the encapsulated display media 16 includes a particle-based display media. In one detailed embodiment, the particle-based display media is made from an electronic ink. An electronic ink is an optoelectronically active material which comprises at least two phases: an electrophoretic contrast media phase 17 and a coating/binding phase 19. The electrophoretic phase 17 includes, in some embodiments, a single species of electrophoretic particles dispersed in a clear or dyed medium, or more than one species of electrophoretic particles having distinct physical and electrical characteristics dispersed in a clear or dyed medium. In some embodiments the electrophoretic phase 17 is encapsulated, that is, there is a capsule 13 wall phase between the two phases.

[0056] The optical quality of an electronic ink is quite distinct from other electronic display materials. The most notable difference is that the electronic ink provides a high degree of both reflectance and contrast because it is pigment based (as are ordinary printing inks). The light scattered from the electronic ink comes from a very thin layer of pigment close to the top of the viewing surface. In this respect it resembles an ordinary, printed image. Also, electronic ink is easily viewed from a wide range of viewing angles in the same manner as a printed page, and such ink approximates a Lambertian contrast curve more closely than any other electronic display material. Since electronic ink can be printed, it can be included on the same surface with any other printed material, including traditional inks. Electronic ink can be made optically stable in all display configurations, that is, the ink can be set to a persistent optical state. Fabrication of a display by printing an electronic ink is particularly useful in low power applications because of this stability.

[0057] In one embodiment, a capsule 13 is filled with a plurality of particles and a dyed suspending fluid. In one detailed embodiment, the particles are titania particles. When a direct-current electric field of the appropriate polarity is applied across the capsule 13, the particles move to the drawing surface 18 and scatter light. When the applied electric field is reversed, the particles move to the rear surface of the display media 16 and the drawing surface then appears dark.

[0058] In another detailed embodiment, the capsule 13 includes a first set of particles and a second set of particles in the capsule 13. The first set of particles and the second set of particles have contrasting optical properties. For example, the first set of particles and the second set of particles can have differing electrophoretic mobilities. In addition, the first set of particles and the second set of particles can have contrasting colors. For example, the first set of particles can be white, while the second set of particles can be black. The capsule further includes a substantially clear fluid. The capsule has a rear electrode 14 on one side and a writing instrument comprising an electrode on the other side. The electrodes 13, 20 are connected to a source of voltage (not shown), which may provide an alternating-current (AC) field or a direct-current (DC) field to the capsule 13. Upon application of an electric field across the electrodes 13, 20, the first set of particles move toward the drawing surface 18, while the second set of particles move toward the rear electrode 14.

[0059] In another detailed embodiment, the display media 16 is formed with a suspended particle display media. The suspended particle display media includes needle-like particles in a transparent fluid. The particles change their orientation upon application of an AC field across the electrodes. When the AC field is applied, the particles are oriented perpendicular with respect to the drawing surface 18 and the surface appears transparent. When the AC field is removed, the particles are randomly oriented and the display drawing surface 18 appears opaque. Commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/140,792 filed on Aug. 27, 1998, which describes electrophoretic displays, is incorporated herein by reference.

[0060] Electronic ink displays are novel in that they can be addressed by DC voltages and draw very little current. As such, the conductive leads and electrodes used to deliver the voltage to electronic ink displays can be of relatively high resistivity. The ability to use resistive conductors substantially widens the number and type of materials that can be used as conductors in electronic ink displays. In particular, the use of costly vacuum-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) conductors, a standard material in liquid crystal devices, is not required. Aside from cost savings, the replacement of ITO with other materials can provide benefits in appearance, processing capabilities (printed conductors), flexibility, and durability. Additionally, the printed electrodes are in contact only with a solid binder, not with a fluid layer (like liquid crystals). This means that some conductive materials, which would otherwise dissolve or be degraded by contact with liquid crystals, can be used in an electronic ink application. These include opaque metallic inks for the rear electrode (e.g., silver and graphite inks), as well as conductive transparent inks for either substrate. These conductive coatings include conducting or semiconducting colloids, examples of which are indium tin oxide and antimony-doped tin oxide. Organic conductors (polymeric conductors and molecular organic conductors) also may be used. Polymers include, but are not limited to, polyaniline and derivatives, polythiophene and derivatives, poly3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) and derivatives, polypyrrole and derivatives, and polyphenylenevinylene (PPV) and derivatives. Organic molecular conductors include, but are not limited to, derivatives of naphthalene, phthalocyanine, and pentacene. Polymer layers can be made thinner and more transparent than with traditional displays because conductivity requirements are not as stringent.

[0061] In one embodiment, the display media 16 includes a binder material which binds the capsules 17 together. The binder is used as a non-conducting, adhesive medium supporting and protecting the capsules, as well as binding the electrode materials to the capsule dispersion. Binders are available in many forms and chemical types. The coating/binding phase 19 includes, in one embodiment, a polymer matrix that surrounds the electrophoretic phase 17. In this embodiment, the polymer in the polymeric binder is capable of being dried, crosslinked, or otherwise cured as in traditional inks, and therefore a printing process can be used to deposit the electronic ink onto a substrate. In another embodiment, the binder material can be water-soluble polymers, water-borne polymers, oil-soluble polymers, thermoset and thermoplastic polymers, or radiation-cured polymers.

[0062] Among the water-soluble polymers are the various polysaccharides, the polyvinyl alcohols, N-methyl Pyrollidone, N-vinyl pyrollidone, the various Carbowax® species (Union Carbide, Danbury, Conn.), and poly-2-hydroxyethylacrylate.

[0063] The water-dispersed or water-borne systems are generally latex compositions, typified by the Neorez® and Neocryl® resins (Zeneca Resins, Wilmington, Mass.), Acrysol® (Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.), Bayhydrol® (Bayer, Pittsburgh, Pa.), and the Cytec Industries (West Paterson, N.J.) HP line. These are generally latices of polyurethanes, occasionally compounded with one or more of the acrylics, polyesters, polycarbonates or silicones, each lending the final cured resin in a specific set of properties defined by glass transition temperature, degree of “tack,” softness, clarity, flexibility, water permeability and solvent resistance, elongation modulus and tensile strength, thermoplastic flow, and solids level. Some water-borne systems can be mixed with reactive monomers and catalyzed to form more complex resins. Some can be further cross-linked by the use of a crosslinking reagent, such as an aziridine, for example, which reacts with carboxyl groups.

[0064] A typical application of a water-borne resin and aqueous capsules follows. A volume of particles is centrifuged at low speed to separate excess water. After a given centrifugation process, for example 10 minutes at 60×G, the capsules are found at the bottom of the centrifuge tube, while the water portion is at the top. The water portion is carefully removed. The mass of the remaining capsules is measured, and a mass of resin is added such that the mass of resin is between one eighth and one tenth of the weight of the capsules. This mixture is gently mixed on an oscillating mixer for approximately one half hour. After about one half hour, the mixture is ready to be coated onto the appropriate substrate.

[0065] The thermoset systems are exemplified by the family of epoxies. These binary systems can vary greatly in viscosity, and the reactivity of the pair determines the “pot life” of the mixture. If the pot life is long enough to allow a coating operation, capsules may be coated in an ordered arrangement in a coating process prior to the resin curing and hardening.

[0066] Thermoplastic polymers, which are often polyesters, are molten at high temperatures. A typical application of this type of product is hot-melt glue. A dispersion of heat-resistant capsules could be coated in such a medium. The solidification process begins during cooling, and the final hardness, clarity and flexibility are affected by the branching and molecular weight of the polymer.

[0067] Oil or solvent-soluble polymers are often similar in composition to the water-borne system, with the obvious exception of the water itself. The latitude in formulation for solvent systems is enormous, limited only by solvent choices and polymer solubility. Of considerable concern in solvent-based systems is the viability of the capsule itself—the integrity of the capsule wall cannot be compromised in any way by the solvent.

[0068] Radiation cure resins are generally found among the solvent-based systems. Capsules may be dispersed in such a medium and coated, and the resin may then be cured by a timed exposure to a threshold level of ultraviolet radiation, either long or short wavelength. As in all cases of curing polymer resins, final properties are determined by the branching and molecular weights of the monomers, oligomers and crosslinkers.

[0069] A number of “water-reducible” monomers and oligomers are, however, marketed. In the strictest sense, they are not water soluble, but water is an acceptable diluent at low concentrations and can be dispersed relatively easily in the mixture. Under these circumstances, water is used to reduce the viscosity (initially from thousands to hundreds of thousands centipoise). Water-based capsules, such as those made from a protein or polysaccharide material, for example, could be dispersed in such a medium and coated, provided the viscosity could be sufficiently lowered. Curing in such systems is generally by ultraviolet radiation.

[0070] In one detailed embodiment, the binder material renders the display media elastomeric. For example, a binder material including polyurethane can render the display media elastomeric. In another embodiment, the binder material renders the display media brittle. For example, a binder material comprising an epoxy can render the display media brittle. In another embodiment, the binder material has ultraviolet light protective properties, for example, by incorporated ultraviolet light absorbers, such as benzotriazole derivative material, in the binder. A display media having an elastomeric and/or UV protective material increases durability and lifetime of the display 10.

[0071] Encapsulation of the electrophoretic suspension serves as a superior media for use in drawing devices and as a substrate for electrostatic printing. The benefits of microencapsulation for such purposes derive from the polymeric nature of the microcapsule wall and surrounding binder, which offers greater structural integrity than a non-encapsulated electrophoretic suspension. In addition, encapsulated electrophoretic suspensions overcomes the problems encountering by prior electrophoretic drawing devices in which support walls were used as spacers. These walls cause gaps in the image and reduce the total addressable portion of the display. A microencapsulated electrophoretic media is inherently supported and does not require such image-interrupting walls. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a continuous image tracing.

[0072] In addition, the encapsulated display media 16 can be coated directly onto a plastic substrate in a process which offers a means of economical production for large surface areas. Furthermore, encapsulated display media 16 can be made flexible or set into curves and contours. This offers new manufacturing processes and design capabilities.

[0073] Although encapsulated electrophoretic drawing system requires some electrical charge, it operates by field effect and hence draws minimal power. Further, some electrophoretic systems exhibit bistability such that once they are addressed to a dark or light state, they stay dark or light without any further power requirement, and some systems can even maintain a gray state without power. Such images can last for several months or more without requiring any further power.

[0074] In one embodiment, the protective layer 18 is made from lexan, polycarbonate, or mylar. In another embodiment, the protective layer 18 includes an ultraviolet light protective coating. For example, the coating can be imbued with UV-protective polymer material such as polyvinylfluoride or LEXAN HP12W (polycarbonate base) or other light stabilizing additives such as Benzotriazole or Hydroperoxide decomposer (e.g., HALS, Hindered Benzoate and Phosphite), or combination of these materials. In another embodiment, the protective layer 18 is a scratch resistant coating. In still another embodiment, the protective coating 18 is made from a material, which reduces grease and oil build-up on the screen surface.

[0075] Referring to FIG. 1a, the display 10 further includes a charge-generating mechanism (not shown). The charge-generating mechanism can be incorporated in the casing 14, or the movable electrode 20. In one embodiment, the charge-generating mechanism is a battery and an electronic circuit, which is capable of increasing a voltage into a range from 20 volts to 1000 volts or more, and more preferably from 100 volts to 500 volts. In another embodiment, the charge-generating mechanism includes a circuit which automatically reduces an applied voltage to zero after a pre-determined period of time to preserve batteries. In another embodiment, the charge-generating mechanism has a safety mechanism to prevent shocking the user. For example, the charge-generating mechanism can use resistors to limit maximum current drawn from the charge-generating mechanism. In general, the resistance should be sufficient to keep the generated current to a level below that which can be felt by the user. In still another embodiment, the charge-generating mechanism can have an interlock mechanism. The interlock mechanism prevents the user from simultaneously contacting the writing instrument and another charge-carrying device such as an eraser to be described. For example, at least one of the terminals of the writing instrument and the eraser can be adapted to disconnect when the user comes in contact with both.

[0076] In another embodiment, the display 10 includes means for generating an electrostatic charge, such as Van de Graff generator, fluid pumps, or triboelectric forces. A Van de Graff generator generates high voltage by providing physical separation of charge through a belt. A fluid pump generates high voltage by providing physical separation of charge through fluid displacement. FIG. 1b illustrates a display 10′ using a triboelectric force. The system 10′ includes a rear electrode 14′ in electrical communication with a slider 3. The slider 3 slides across the protective layer 18′, thereby generating a static charge. The static charge can be stored in a capacitor and discharged as the user writes. This embodiment does not require a battery. FIG. 1c is a chart providing two series of triboelectric elements from which an appropriate slider material and the protective layer can be selected.

[0077] In one embodiment, the display 10 has an intervening dielectric layer. The dielectric layer can be placed between the protective layer 18 and the display media 16, be incorporated into the protective layer 18, or be incorporated into the binder material. The dielectric layer can store electric charge long enough to address the display media, without bleeding the charge. The dielectric layer also allows applied voltage to pass through the layer and reach the display media. In this manner, the writing speed on the writing device can be increased, since the writing device need not be positioned above the display media for a duration necessary to address the display media. In one embodiment, the dielectric layer is fabricated from a cross-linked polymer layer. In one detailed embodiment, the dielectric layer is fabricated from a film made of, for example, polyethylene phthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polysulfone, polyphnylene oxide, ionomer, polycarbonate, nylon or fluororesin layered with a bond or adhesive or such.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 2, a stylus 20′ comprises an elongated probe 22 with a tip 24. In one embodiment, the tip 24 may be shaped small to permit drawing of a fine line. The tip 24 includes an electrode 26 which is flush with a surface of the tip 24. In some embodiments, the electrode 26 encompasses a smaller area than the tip 24. The electrode 26 is connected to a voltage source (not shown) through a wire 21. In some embodiments, the tip 24 is rounded. This configuration of the stylus 20′ permits a wider area of the stylus 20′ to come into contact with a drawing surface, while allowing a fine line to be drawn without puncturing the drawing surface. In one embodiment, the electrode 26 is covered with a dielectric coating, which protects the stylus 20′ and prevents exposure of the electrode 26 to the environment. In another embodiment, the tip 24 of the stylus 20′ comprises an elastomeric material.

[0079] In another embodiment, the stylus includes a damping mechanism such as a spring built into the tip as to cushion the drawing surface from the physical forces caused by the motion of the user's hand.

[0080]FIGS. 3a and 3 b depict another embodiment in which a stylus 20″ includes multiple electrodes 26 a, 26 b, 26 c, that are insulated from each other. A voltage can be applied to all or any of the electrodes 26 a, 26 b, 26 c, thereby controlling the width and shape of the line drawn on the drawing surface. For example, when an electric field is applied through only the electrode 26 a, a thin line is drawn on the drawing surface. However, when an electric field is applied through both the electrodes 26 a, 26 b, a thicker line is drawn, and even a thicker line is drawn when an electric field is applied through all three electrodes 26 a, 26 b, 26 c. In one embodiment, the stylus 20″ includes a switch 25, and a logic circuit 27 which activates the various electrodes 26 a, 26 b, 26 c.

[0081] In one embodiment, the width of the line drawn on the drawing system is controlled by varying the voltage potential applied across the display media. For example, the duty cycle or the magnitude and/or duration of voltage applied can be varied.

[0082]FIGS. 4a-4 c depict other embodiments in which a stylus 30 includes a charge-generating device 32 and/or charge-storage device 34. In the embodiments of FIGS. 4a-4 c, the charge-generating device can be a piezo electric device 32, 32′, 32″ and the charge storage device can be a capacitor 34, 34′, 34″. Alternatively, the display 10″ can include a voltage source 5 and a charge storage device 34 external to the stylus 30, as illustrated in FIG. 4e. Referring to FIG. 4b, pressing the stylus 30′ against the drawing surface through a natural drawing motion mechanically triggers the piezo electric device 32′ to generate a current and to charge the capacitor 34′. Referring to FIG. 4c, a switch 35 on the stylus 30″ can be clicked to trigger the piezo electric device 32′ to generate a current and to charge the capacitor 34″.

[0083] In one embodiment, the stylus includes a switch which permits the user to reverse the electric field applied across the display media, and thereby switch from drawing in one color to drawing in another color. The second color may have the effect of erasing what is drawn using the first color. For example, the user can draw in blue on a white background prior to switching, and draw in white on a blue background after switching. In one example, the voltage applied to the electrode 36 can switch from +100 v to −100 v, where the voltage applied to the rear electrode of the drawing device is 0 v. Alternatively, the voltage applied to the electrode 36 of the stylus 30 can remain 0 v and the voltage applied to the rear electrode varied.

[0084] Referring to FIG. 4d, the stylus 40 includes two electrodes 42, 44 placed at opposite ends of the stylus 40. Different voltages are applied to each of the electrodes 42, 44, such that electrode 42 allows the user to draw in one color, while electrode 44 allows the user to draw in a different color. In another embodiment, a positive voltage can be applied to electrode 42 to write on the drawing surface, while a negative voltage of the same magnitude can be applied to electrode 44 to erase the drawing on the drawing surface. The switch 45 allows the user to select one of the two electrodes 42, 44. In this embodiment, the rear electrode is set to ground.

[0085] Referring to FIG. 5, a display 50 includes a casing 52, a rear electrode 53 disposed inside the casing 52, an encapsulated display media 54 disposed adjacent the rear electrode 53, a piezoelectric film 56 disposed adjacent the display media 54, and a protective layer 55 disposed adjacent the piezoelectric film 56. In this embodiment, the stylus 58 need not be electrically connected to the drawing device 50 or include a charge generator. When a force is applied to the piezoelectric film 56 by pressing it with the stylus 58, the piezoelectric film 56 becomes charged. Thus a voltage potential can be created cross the display media 54 through the piezoelectric film 56 and the rear electrode 53. The piezoelectric 56 film can comprise a polymeric material. For example, the piezoelectric film can comprise vinylidene fluoride homopolymer or a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and one or more copolymerizable monomers. The display media 54 includes capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid medium.

[0086] Referring to FIG. 6, a drawing system 60 which is substantially similar to the display of FIG. 1a further includes a piezo electric button 62 connected to a capacitor 68. The capacitor is connected to the stylus 69. When the user presses the piezo electric button 62, the capacitor 68 becomes charged. The system 60 can further include means for mechanically storing energy using, for example, a spring and subsequently transferring the mechanical energy to the piezo electric device 62.

[0087] Referring to FIG. 7a, a drawing system 70 which is substantially similar to the display of FIG. 1a further includes an eraser 72. The eraser 72 is physically connected to the drawing system 70 through a cable 73. An image created on the drawing surface 71 by applying an electric field across the display media of the drawing system 70 through the writing instrument (not shown) and the rear electrode (not shown) can be erased by applying an oppositely charged electric field across the display media through the eraser 72 and the rear electrode. In one embodiment, the eraser 72′ is positioned inside the device casing 74 above the drawing surface 71 in the form of a sliding bar 76 as shown in FIG. 7b. The sliding bar 76 includes a tab 78, which the user can use to slide the eraser bar 76 across the drawing surface 71, thereby erasing an image drawn on the drawing surface 71. In one embodiment, the sliding bar 76 has an electrode which can be set to positive or negative voltage to cause the screen to change its color.

[0088] Referring to FIG. 8a, a drawing system 80 includes a casing 82, a rear electrode, an encapsulated display media, a protective layer, and an electrode surface 84. The protective layer 85 functions as the drawing surface. In this embodiment, a user touches the electrodes surface 84 with his or her first hand 86, while the user writes on the drawing surface 85 with the second hand 88. In this embodiment, a separate writing instrument may not be necessary. A voltage source is placed inside the casing 82. Since the human body is electrically conductive, an electric field can be created across the display media through the user's second hand 88 and the rear electrode. As illustrated in FIG. 8b, a typical skin resistance is about 10 kΩ-500 kΩ. As long as equivalent resistance (R_(EQ)) of display is much higher than the skin resistance, most of the applied field will drop across the system. In one embodiment, the drawing system 80 has an internal 1 mΩ current limiting resistor (R_(CL)). When 100 V is applied, the resistor (R_(CL)) would limit current flowing though the body and the display system to 100 kΩ. The electrode surface 84 can be a button. Alternatively, the electrode surface 84 can be a part of a stylus.

[0089] In one embodiment, the movable electrode of the present invention can have a variety of shapes or forms to provide different drawing tips. For example, the movable electrode can include a calligraphic tip, brush, sponge, fabric, roller, or elastomeric solid, which is electrically connected to a source of charge such an electrode surface, a voltage source, or a stylus. In another example, the writing instrument can comprise a non-conductive object coated with a conductive layer. In still another example, the writing instrument can be cones, shapes and cards. In still another example, the movable electrode can comprise a stamp in any shape or form.

[0090] Referring to FIGS. 9a-9 d, a writing implement 90 can be used with the drawing system of the present invention. The writing implement 90 can be in the form of a card. The writing implement 90 includes an invisible conductive pattern 92 printed on the back side of the card. When the writing implement 90 is placed on a drawing surface 93 of the drawing system 94 a and a voltage is applied to the conductive pattern 92 using a stylus 95, the conductive pattern leaves a surprise image 96 on the drawing surface 93. In the embodiment of FIGS. 9a-9 c, the writing implement 90 includes a cut out hole 91 in the form of letter A. When using this writing implement 90, the user places the writing implement 90 on the drawing surface 93 and fills in the letter A using the stylus. An edge of the cut out hole 91 includes a conductor 97 which is connected to the conductor pattern 92. Thus, when the stylus contacts the conductor 97, a surprise image 96 corresponding to the conductor pattern 92 appears on the drawing surface. When the drawing implement 90 is removed from the drawing surface 93, the letter A remains, but next to it a picture of an apple 96 is also shown. The embodiment can be useful as a teaching tool for children.

[0091]FIG. 10 depicts an embodiment in which a display 100 has both erasable and non-erasable portions for flexibility. Referring to FIG. 10, the display 100 includes a casing 102, a rear electrode 104, an encapsulated display media 106, a top electrode 108, a protective layer 109, and a stylus 107. In this embodiment, a first portion of the drawing device 100 is available for the user to draw on, while a second portion of the drawing device 100 provides a pre-determined image. In the second portion, the top electrode 108 and the rear electrode 104 apply an electric field across the display media 106. For example, an animated figure can be provided on the drawing surface 109 using this embodiment. A figure holding a “BLUE” sign can appear when the stylus 107 is set to draw in blue, and the “WHITE” sign can appear when the stylus 107 is set to draw in white.

[0092] The display of the present invention can be integrated with other multimedia elements including audio feedback tones or music, to enhance the drawing experience. For example, a speaker included in the display can emit sound when the stylus is toggled from a first voltage to a second voltage.

[0093] Referring to FIG. 11, a display 110 provides multiple drawing surfaces. The display 110 includes a casing 112, a flexible display media 114 arranged in a continuous belt loop, a rear electrode 116 disposed inside the belt loop, and a protective layer 118 serving as a drawing surface. The display media 114 loops around a pair of rollers 119 and a knob 117 for rolling the belt loop. In this embodiment, the user can roll between different drawing surfaces. For example, the user can draw on the first drawing surface of the display media 114 a, then roll it to the back in order to save the drawing, and still have another fresh drawing surface 114 b. In one embodiment, the display media 114 comprises an encapsulated electrophoretic display media. In one detailed embodiment, the first drawing surface of the display media 114 a provides a first color combination such as black and white, while the second drawing surface of the display media 114 b provides a second color combination such as yellow and blue. In another embodiment, the display 110 further includes an eraser 113, which erases the surface of the display media 114 as it rolls back.

[0094] In one embodiment, a display of the present invention is flexible. In one detailed embodiment, the flexible display is used as a wallpaper which provides a drawing surface. The display can be constructed by coating a transparent protective layer with an encapsulated electrophoretic display media and then laminating this coated structure with a rear electrode. Examples of flexible, transparent protective layer include polyester, polycarbonate, polyvinylfluoride, acrylic, and polychlorotriflouroethylene. The rear electrode can comprise a flexible polymeric conductor material such as conductive particle doped with polymers, conductive polymers (e.g., polyaniline, polyacetylene, polythiophene), doped polymers, metallized polymers, or polymer film coated with conductive material (e.g., metal, metal oxide, conductive particle dispersion, and conductive polymer dispersion). In another embodiment, the display media and the rear electrode are printed on the protective layer. Details of the printing methods are described in commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/935,800 filed on Sept. 23, 1997, incorporated herein by reference.

[0095] In another detailed embodiment, the flexible display can be used as an “electronic paper.” An electronic paper can be used anywhere paper is used today but offers the ability to be updated via stylus, printhead or similar means. An electronic paper can be used as reusable fax and copier paper, re-writable bar-codes, labels and packaging, re-writable displays on plastic cards, credit cards, laminated driver's licenses and magnetic strip cards, reprintable signs and billboards, and reusable newspapers, magazines, greeting cards and books.

[0096] In one embodiment, the encapsulated display media or the display media in combination with the rear electrode of the drawing system can be removed and replaced with a fresh display media or display media/rear electrode combination by the user, such that the user can keep his or her drawings. In another embodiment, the rear electrode of the drawing system can be removed and replaced with a different rear electrode. In these embodiments, the system may include a connector which provides electrical communication between a voltage source and the rear electrode. These removable electrodes would permit a variety of rear electrode patterns to be used with the drawing system. For example, the electrode can be patterned to include a first section connected to the ground and a second section connected to the stylus potential. In this embodiment, the first section connected to ground can be revealed when the stylus is placed adjacent the first section. This embodiment can be used to create a coloring book. In another example, an outline can be provided on the drawing surface using this embodiment. The user first sets the entire drawing surface to display a single color such as blue. A rear electrode having a non-conductive pattern of an outline such as a map is inserted in the drawing system. An electric field is applied to the display media of the drawing system to change the color of the display from blue to another color, such as white. The outline of the map remains in blue, while the rest of the display becomes white. The user can now write on the drawing surface in blue and may write visibly over the map shown on the drawing surface.

[0097] Referring to FIG. 12a, a drawing system 120 permits the user to write using a stylus or a charge-generating electrostatic print head 124. In one embodiment, an electrostatic print head 124 is moved across a fixed electrophoretic display media to create an image. In one embodiment, the electrostatic print head 124 senses its location on the drawing system 120 such that it can print locally on the display surface. The drawing system 120, in this embodiment, can be used as a printer. The electrostatic print head 124 can move automatically or manually. The system 120 can further include a speed sensor for detecting manual scanning of the print head.

[0098] In one embodiment, a drawing system employs both electrophoretic effect and other means to permit a user to draw on the system. Referring to FIG. 12b, the system 125 includes a casing 126, an encapsulated display media 127 in the form of a belt loop, a rear electrode 128 disposed within the belt loop, and a protective coating 129. The system 125 further includes an electrostatic printer 123 for providing an underlying image on the drawing surface 129. In addition, the user can use a standard dry-erasable marker 121 to draw on the drawing surface 129 as is typically used on white boards. Both the underlying image and the user's markings are visible on the drawing surface 129. In one detailed embodiment, the drawing system 125 further includes an optical input means (e.g., scanner) for scanning a drawing provided by the standard dry-erasable marker 121.

[0099] In one embodiment, the drawing system includes a first region which displays a permanent image and a second region in which the user can write on and erase. For example, the drawing system can include a blank map or a blank calendar. Referring to FIG. 13, the drawing system 130 includes the rear electrode separated into multiple regions 132, 134. The first region 132 has a voltage equal to the voltage of the stylus 136, such that an electric field cannot be applied across the display media 138 adjacent the first region 132. Therefore, the user cannot write on or erase on the first region 132. The second region 134 has a voltage different from the voltage of the stylus 136, such that an electric field can be applied across the display media 138 adjacent the second region 134. The user draws on the second region 134. The drawing system 130 can include a rear electrode having an electrode pattern corresponding to an image to be permanently displayed on the drawing system 130.

[0100] In one embodiment, the drawing system provides multiple optical properties, such as permitting the user to draw in multiple colors. Referring to FIGS. 14a and 14 b, the drawing system 140 includes a pixelated rear electrode 144. The rear electrode 144 is patterned into multiple pixel or line electrodes 144 a, 144 b, 144 c. In one detailed embodiment, the pixel or line electrodes 144 a, 144 b, 144 c have a width of less than about 1 mm. The first electrodes 144 a correspond to a first optical property (e.g., red), the second electrodes 144 b correspond to a second optical property (e.g., green), and the third electrodes 144 c correspond to a third optical property (e.g., blue). The drawing system 140 further includes an encapsulated display media 146, which includes particles or solvent of different optical properties, such as color. For example, the display media 146 can include particles or solvent of red, green, and blue, or cyan, magenta, and yellow. In one detailed embodiment, a capsule adjacent the first electrode 144 a includes white particles and a red dye, a capsule adjacent the second electrode 144 b includes white particles and a green dye, and a capsule adjacent the third electrode 144 c includes white particles and a blue dye. In this embodiment, the display media 146 adjacent the first electrode 144 a forms a red region 146 a. The display media 146 adjacent the second electrode 144 b forms a green region 146 b. The display media 146 adjacent the third electrode 144 c forms a blue region 146 c.

[0101] In order to draw in red, a voltage which differs from the voltage of the stylus 148 is applied to the pixel or line electrodes 144 a corresponding to red. The electrodes 144 a are connected to a common red electrode. The stylus 148 and the rear electrodes 144 a establish an electric field across the display media 146, such that white particles migrate away from the protective layer 149 and displaying the color of the red dye. A voltage that matches the voltage of the stylus 148 is applied to the pixel or line electrodes 144 b, 144 c corresponding to green and blue, such that an electric field across the green region 146 b and the blue region 146 c cannot be established. The second electrodes 144 b are connected to a common green electrode. The third electrodes 144 c are connected to a common blue region. The stylus 148, therefore, does not electrophoretically affect any media except the media corresponding to the red regions 146 a. By setting the rear electrodes at differing voltage potentials, various color effects (such as color combinations) may be achieved.

[0102] In one embodiment, a pixelated rear electrode is created by providing a dielectric substrate of one or more layers in which multiple electrodes corresponding to the same color are provided on a single layer and connected in parallel. Alternatively, the pixelated electrodes can be provided on a single substrate.

[0103] In another embodiment, the drawing system 150 includes a display media 154 comprising a red region 154 a, a green region 154 b, and a blue region 154 c as substantially described with respect to FIG. 14a, and a movable rear electrode 152 which addresses one of the three regions 154 a, 154 b, 154 c at a time. When the movable rear electrode 152 is placed adjacent a region, an electric field is applied to that region to display the color of that region. A mechanical switch can be used to move the electrode.

[0104] The embodiments of FIGS. 14a and 14 b are provided as examples only. Other embodiments for providing a color display can be used in accordance with the present invention. Commonly-owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/140,862 filed Aug. 27, 1998, which describes color electrophoretic displays is incorporated herein by reference.

[0105] Referring to FIG. 15a, a display 200 includes a rear electrode 202, a display media 204, a front electrode 206, and a touchscreen 208. The touchscreen 208 is disposed adjacent the front electrode 206. Alternatively, the touchscreen 208 can be laminated to or integrated with the display media 204. For example, one of the electrodes of the touchscreen can be applied directly on the front electrode 206 of the display 200. Touchscreens which operate through resistive and capacitive effects are known to those skilled in the art. In this embodiment, the display 200 is activated when a drawing instrument is pressed against the touchscreen 208. Alternatively, the touchscreen can be positioned behind the drawing system.

[0106] In one embodiment, the display of the present invention is incorporated into a data capture mechanism, such as a credit card authorization terminal. In this embodiment, a user signs his or her signature on a drawing surface of the display, and his or her signature is captured and digitized. In one example, the stylus or data source emits wireless waves that are received by a sensing mechanism underneath the microencapsulated electrophoretic layer and bottom electrode. In another example, the flexibility of the microencapsulated electrophoretic layer is utilized to permit localized pressure to transfer through the display media to a pressure-sensitive array or touch screen-type device in front of or behind the display media. One advantage of this embodiment is that while the signature or data tracing may be digitized at a coarse resolution, its image is displayed in analog by the display media at higher resolutions. In another example, the stylus or data source emits infrared or visible signals that transfer through the display media to a sensing mechanism; here the wide temperature operating range of microencapsulated electrophoretic displays is useful. In another example, the stylus transmits acoustic waves that are again sensed by a mechanism behind the display media. The sensing mechanism describe above can provide information about the location of the instrument on the display.

[0107] Referring to FIG. 15b, the display 160 includes an electrostatic printing mechanism. The electrostatic printing mechanism is included in a sliding bar 162, which may have one or more electrodes. The electrodes are connected to a driving mechanism such as an integrated circuit. The electrodes can also be connected to a data source such as a data storage device or a communications device. The communications device can be, for example, a pager, a receiver, a modem, an infrared port or direct cable connection. The sliding bar 162 can further include logic circuitry and position sensors. In this embodiment, the sliding bar can be used as a manual or automatic electrostatic print head and can transfer images to the drawing screen when the user slides the sliding bar 162. The system 100 can further include mechanical or optic speed sensing device to detect the manual scanning of the print head.

[0108] The display 160 of FIG. 15b allows a user to download and display an image on the drawing screen. The image can be text (newspaper, book, e.g.), a dotted line image, a partial image, an image from a scrapbook or database, or even an interactive series of images. When equipped with a communications device and appropriate logic circuitry, the drawing device thereby can serve as a low-cost information display device such as an extremely cheap web browser.

[0109] In another embodiment, the sliding bar 162 supports a scanning device. The scanning device can digitize the image provided on the screen of the drawing system. When used in combination with a data storage device, memory device, or communications device, this will allow the drawing system to store, recall and transmit images. Alternatively, an external scanning device can be used with the display 10 system.

[0110] In one embodiment, the sliding bar 162 slides across the screen as shown in FIG. 16a or is manually moved across the screen as shown in FIG. 16g to erase, scan, or draw. Alternatively, the screen of the drawing system can be moved relative to an electrode to perform the same functions. For example, the screen can be provided in a conveyor belt-like construction, where the screen moves as shown in FIG. 16b, or where the electrode moves as shown in FIG. 16d. Alternatively, the screen can be pulled out of a roll of display media as with a window shutter as shown in FIG. 16f, or the screen can be pulled through the sliding bar from side to side as shown in FIGS. 16c and 16 e.

[0111] Referring to FIG. 17, a display system 170 includes a clear rear conductive electrode 172, a photoconductive dispersion layer 173, an encapsulated display media 174, and a top electrode 176. By providing a clear rear electrode 172, a photoconductive layer 173, and by adding appropriate logic, the display system 170 can “pick up” images from light-reflecting or light-emitting sources. The light 178 from an image displayed on a light-reflecting or light-emitting source strikes the photoconductive layer 173, causing the rear electrode 172 along with the top electrode 176 to apply an electric field across the display media 174, and thereby reproduce the picked up image on the display system 170. The means for generating the electric field can be built internally or externally to the display system. The system 170 can further include a light source (e.g., fluorescent light) for illuminating the substrate which reflects the light. The light-reflecting substrate can be paper. The details of a display system including a photoconductive electrode are provided in commonly-owned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/272,716, filed on Mar. 18, 1999.

[0112] In one embodiment in which the display system 170 lacks a top electrode 176, the user of the display system 170 can hold the display system 170 up to a light emitting display, such as a television or computer screen, move a sliding bar described above (not shown) across the top surface of the system 170, and thereby cause the display system 170 to reproduce the image on the television or computer screen. In another embodiment, in which the display system 170 includes the top electrode 176, the user simply places the display system 170 in front of the television or computer screen to capture the image shown on the television or computer screen. Alternatively, a light source internal or external to the display system 170 can illuminate a substrate and capture light-reflecting from the substrate, thereby copying the image on the substrate. Such system can be used as a toy, or as a novel way of transporting temporary images. For instance, a user can hold an electronic paper to his or her computer screen, image his or her day's agenda, and then carry this paper throughout the day.

[0113] The term “display” and the term “drawing system” have been used interchangably herein. Both terms include devices capable of providing drawing, copying, printing, or erasing functions. The term “movable electrode” as used herein includes a writing device, an eraser, a printer, or a scanner. The “movable electrode” also refers to an electrode capable of moving relative to a display surface by either moving the electrode or moving the display.

[0114] While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A display comprising: an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid, the display media having a first surface and a second surface; a rear electrode disposed adjacent the second surface of the display media; and a movable electrode, in conjunction with the rear electrode, applying an electric field across the display media.
 2. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a writing device.
 3. The display of claim 1 further comprising a protective layer disposed adjacent the first surface.
 4. The display of claim 1 wherein the encapsulated display media comprises a binder which is substantially ultraviolet light protective.
 5. The display of claim 2 wherein the writing device comprises a charge generator.
 6. The display of claim 5 wherein the charge generator further comprises an electronic circuit capable of increasing a voltage from about 20 V to about 1000 V.
 7. The display of claim 6 wherein the charge generator further comprises an electronic circuit which reduces an applied voltage to zero after a predetermined time interval.
 8. The display of claim 2 wherein the writing device comprises a charge storage device.
 9. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises an eraser.
 10. The display of claim 1 further comprising a dielectric layer disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media.
 11. The display of claim 2 wherein the writing device comprises a stylus.
 12. The display of claim 11 wherein the stylus comprises an electrode tip disposed within a curved end of the stylus.
 13. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a plurality of insulated electrodes.
 14. The display of claim 11 wherein the stylus comprises a plurality of concentric electrodes.
 15. The display of claim 11 wherein the stylus comprises a dielectric coating covering the electrode tip.
 16. The display of claim 11 wherein the stylus comprises an elastomeric material.
 17. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a sliding bar, which slides across the first surface of the display media.
 18. The display of claim 5 wherein the writing device includes an activator which activates the charge generator.
 19. The display of claim 18 wherein the activator comprises a piezoelectric device.
 20. The display of claim 17 wherein the sliding bar comprises a charge generator.
 21. The display of claim 20 wherein the sliding bar comprises an activator which activates the charge generator.
 22. The display of claim 1 further comprising a piezoelectric film disposed adjacent first surface of the display media.
 23. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a switch which reverses an electric field applied to the display media upon activation of the switch.
 24. The display of claim 23 wherein a color displayed on the first surface of the display media changes upon activation of the switch.
 25. The display of claim 2 wherein the writing device has a first end and a second end, wherein the display media displays a first color when the first end is disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media and a second color when the second end is disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media.
 26. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a stamp.
 27. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises a user touching the first surface of the display media.
 28. The display of claim 1 wherein the display media comprises a plurality of electrophoretic particles.
 29. The display of claim 1 wherein the display media further comprises a top electrode disposed over a portion of the first surface of the display media.
 30. The display of claim 1 wherein the display media is flexible.
 31. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode comprises a polymer layer and a conductive coating.
 32. The display of claim 31 wherein the rear electrode is flexible.
 33. The display of claim 1 wherein the movable electrode comprises an electrostatic print head.
 34. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode comprises a first region having a voltage different from a voltage of the movable electrode and a second region having a voltage matching the voltage of the movable electrode.
 35. The display of claim 1 further comprising a casing containing a removable display media.
 36. The display of claim 1 further comprising a casing containing the display media and a removable rear electrode.
 37. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode is disposed on a rolling belt.
 38. The display of claim 1 wherein the display media is disposed on a rolling belt.
 39. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode comprises a conductive pattern.
 40. The display of claim 1 wherein the display media comprises a plurality of electrophoretic particles comprising a plurality of colors, and wherein the rear electrode comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes, each pixel electrode being set at a voltage for displaying particles of a selected color on the first surface of the display media.
 41. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode is movable.
 42. The display of claim 33 further comprising a speed sensor.
 43. The display of claim 17 wherein the sliding bar is in communication with a data storage device.
 44. The display of claim 17 wherein the sliding bar comprises a data storage device.
 45. The display of claim 17 wherein the sliding bar comprises a scanner.
 46. The display of claim 5 wherein the charge generator comprises one of Van de Graaff device, triboelectric mechanism, and a hand-driven electric generator.
 47. The display of claim 1 further comprising a touchscreen disposed adjacent the first surface of the display media.
 48. The display of claim 1 further comprising a touchscreen disposed adjacent to the rear electrode.
 49. The display of claim 33 further comprising a logic circuit for driving the electrostatic print head.
 50. The display of claim 1 wherein the rear electrode comprises a first region and a second region, and a voltage applied to the first region differs from a voltage applied to the second region.
 51. The display of claim 2 wherein the writing device emits one of infrared, visible light, or acoustic energy.
 52. The display of claim 1 further compromising a writing implement comprising a substrate, and a conductor pattern disposed on the substrate, wherein an image corresponding to the conductor pattern appears on the first surface of the display media when a moving electrode comes in contact with a portion of the conductor pattern, and the image remains on the display media upon removal of the writing implement.
 53. The writing implement of claim 52 wherein the conductor pattern comprises a transparent conductor pattern.
 54. The writing implement of claim 52 wherein the substrate comprises an inner edge defining a cut out portion, a portion of the inner edge being in electrical contact with the conductor pattern, such that the image corresponding to the conductor pattern appears on the first surface of the display when the writing device comes in contact with the display media through the cut out portion.
 55. A display comprising: a display media forming a continuous loop; and an electrode disposed inside the continuous loop of the display media.
 56. The display of claim 55 further comprising a casing containing the display media and the electrode, the casing having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface comprising a protective layer and serving as a writing surface.
 57. The display of claim 56 further comprising a movable electrode, in conjunction with the electrode, applying an electric field across the display media.
 58. The writing system of claim 55 wherein the display media comprises an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid.
 59. The writing system of claim 58 wherein the plurality of particles comprises a plurality of electrophoretic particles.
 60. A display comprising: a display media having a first surface and a second surface; an electrode disposed on the first surface of the display media; and a photoconductor disposed on the second surface of the display media, wherein the display media displays a replica of an image shown on a substrate when the photoconductive electrode is provided adjacent the substrate.
 61. The display of claim 60 wherein the substrate comprises an emissive display.
 62. The display of claim 61 wherein the emissive display comprises one of a computer screen and a television screen.
 63. The display of claim 60 wherein the substrate comprises a reflective display.
 64. The display of claim 63 wherein the reflective display comprises a piece of paper.
 65. The display of claim 60 wherein the display media comprises an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of particles and a fluid.
 66. The display of claim 65 wherein the plurality of particles comprises a plurality of electrophoretic particles.
 67. The display of claim 60 further comprising a light source for illuminating the substrate.
 68. A display comprising: an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid, the display media having a first surface and a second surface; a rear electrode disposed adjacent the second surface of the display media; and writing device, in conjunction with the rear electrode, applying an electric field across the display media
 69. A method for creating an image on a display comprising the steps of: a) providing a display comprising an encapsulated display media comprising a plurality of capsules, each capsule comprising a plurality of particles dispersed in a fluid, the display media having a first surface and a second surface and a rear electrode disposed on the second surface of the display media; b) placing a movable electrode adjacent the first surface of the display media; and c) applying an electric field across the display media through the movable electrode and the rear electrode, thereby creating an image on the first surface of the display media.
 70. The method of claim 69 further comprising step d) pressing a switch disposed on the movable electrode to select a line width of the image.
 71. The method of claim 69 wherein step (c) compromises applying a first electric field to create an image comprising a first color and a second electric field to create an image comprising a second color.
 72. The method of claim 69 wherein step (a) comprises providing a writing system comprising a display media forming a continuous loop and an electrode disposed inside the continuous loop; and further comprising step (e) rolling the display media.
 73. The method of claim 69 wherein step (c) comprises sliding an electrostatic print head across the first surface of the display media.
 74. The method of claim 69 wherein step c) comprises creating an image on the writing system by drawing with a user's hand.
 75. A method for reproducing an image comprising the steps of: a) providing a display comprising: a1) a display media comprising a first surface and a second surface, a2) an electrode disposed on the first surface of the display media, and a3) a photoconductor disposed on the second surface of the display media; and b) placing the photoconductor adjacent a substrate comprising an image, thereby reproducing the image from the substrate on the display media.
 76. The method of claim 75 wherein step (b) comprises placing the photoconductor adjacent an emissive display.
 77. The method of claim 75 wherein step (b) comprises placing the photoconductor adjacent a reflective display. 